292 THE BLOOD. 



ing oxy haemoglobin and another pigment (haemoglogbin, methaemoglobin, or car- 

 bonmonoxide haemoglobin), and thus allowing of the calculation of the absolute 

 quantity of each pigment. 



Among the many apparatus constructed for clinical purposes for the 

 quantitative estimation of haemoglobin, FLEISCHL'S hcemometer, which has 

 undergone numerous modifications. HENOCQUE'S hcematoscope, and 

 SAHLI'S H&mometer are to be specially mentioned. In regard to these 

 apparatus we must refer to larger hand-books and text-books on 

 clinical methods. 



Many other pigments are found besides the often-occurring haemoglobin 

 in the blood of invertebrates. In a few Arachnid, Crustacea, Gasteropodae 

 and Cephalopodae a body analogous to haemoglobin, containing copper, hcemo- 

 cyanin, has been found by FREDERICQ. By the taking up of loosely bound oxygen 

 this body is converted into blue oxyhcemocyanin, and by the escape of the oxygen 

 becomes colorless again. According to HENZE 1 gram haemocyanin combines 

 with about 0.4 cc. oxygen. It is crystalline and has the following composition: 

 C 53.66; H 7.33; N 16.09; S 0.86; Cu. 0.38; 21.67 per cent. On hydrolytic 

 cleavage with hydrochloric acid HENZE found the following division of the nitro- 

 gen in haemocyanin: Of the total nitrogen 5.78 per cent was split off as ammonia, 

 2.67 per cent as humus nitrogen, 27.65 per cent as diamino nitrogen, and 63.39 

 per cent as monamino nitrogen. He found no arginine in the cleavage products, 

 put could detect histidine, lysine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid. A coloring- 

 matter called chlorocruorin by LANKESTER is found in certain Chaetopodae. 

 Hcemerythrin, so called by KRUKENBERG but first observed by SCHAWLBE, is a 

 red coloring matter from certain Gephyrea. Besides haemocyanin we find in the 

 blood of certain Crustacea the red coloring matter tetronerythrin (HALLIBURTON), 

 which is also widely spread in the animal kingdom. Echinochrom, so named 

 by MAcMuNN, 1 is a brown coloring matter occurring in the perivisceral fluid of 

 a variety of echinoderms. 



The quantitative constitution of the red blood-corpuscles. The amount 

 of water varies in different varieties of blood-corpuscles between 570-644 

 p. m., with a corresponding amount, 430-356 p. m., of solids. The chief 

 mass, about ^p-ft-, of the dried substance consists of haemoglobin (in 

 human and mammalian blood). 



According to the analyses of HOPPE-SEYLER 2 and his pupils, the red 

 corpuscles contain in 1000 parts of the dried substance: 



Haemoglobin. Protein. Lecithin. Cholesterin. 



Human blood 868-944 122-51 7.2-3.5 2.5 



Dog's " 865 126 5.9 3.6 



Goose's " 627 364 4.6 4.8 



Snake's " 467 525 



ABDERHALDEN found the following composition for the blood-cor- 

 puscles from the domestic animals investigated by him: Water, 591.9- 

 644.3 p. m.; solids 408.1-335.7 p. m.; haemoglobin, 303.3-331.9 p. m.; 



1 Fredericq, Extrait des Bulletins deTAcad. Roy. de Belgique (2), 46, 1878; Lan- 

 kester, Journ. of Anat. and Physiol., 2 and 4; Henze, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 33 

 and 43; Krukenberg, see Vergl. physiol. Studien, Reihe 1, Abt. 3, Heidelberg, 1880; 

 Halliburton, Journal of Physiol., 6; MacMunn, Quart. Journ. Microsc. Science, 1885. 



2 Med.-chem. Untersuch., 390 and 393. 



