316 THE BLOOD. 



abnormally high sugar content than the serum. As the blood-corpuscles 

 of drawn blood are impermeable to sugar, a fact further substantiated 

 by special experiments by MICHAELIS and RONA, the reason for the 

 permeability of the corpuscles in life must be investigated. According 

 to ABDERHALDEN lime, fat and perhaps also fatty acids occur only in the 

 serum. The small traces of bile-acids found in normal blood are, accord- 

 ing to CROFTAN, 1 contained in the leucocytes. The division of the 

 alkalies between the blood-corpuscles and the plasma is different, as the 

 blood-corpuscles *from the pig, horse, and rabbit contain no soda, those 

 from human blood are richer in potassium, and the corpuscles from ox-, 

 sheep-, goat-, dog-, and cat-blood are considerably richer in sodium than 

 potassium. Chlorine exists in all blood to a greater extent in the serum 

 than in the blood-corpuscles. Iodine is found only in the serum, while 

 iron occurs chiefly in the form-elements, especially in the erythrocytes. 

 As the nucleoproteins contain iron, some iron always occurs in the leu- 

 cocytes, and traces of iron are also found in the serum. This amount 

 under normal conditions is very small, while in disease the relation between 

 haemoglobin-iron and other blood-iron does not seem to change very 

 much. There are also found in the blood manganese and traces of 

 lithium, copper, lead, silver, and in menstrual blood arsenic has also been 

 noted. The blood as a whole contains in ordinary cases 770-820 p. m. 

 water, with 180-230 p. m. solids; of these 173-220 p. m. are organic and 

 6-10 p. m. inorganic. The organic consists, deducting 6-12 p. m. of 

 extractive bodies, of proteins and hemoglobin. The amount of this last- 

 mentioned body in human blood is about 130-150 p. m. In the dog, 

 cat, pig, and horse the quantity of haemoglobin is about the same, but 

 is lower in the blood from the ox, bull, sheep, goat, and rabbit (ABDER- 

 HALDEN) . 



The amount of sugar in the blood is, according to most statements, 

 on an average 1 p. m. It seems to be independent of the composition 

 of the food, but feeding with large amounts of sugar or dextrin causes a 

 considerable increase in the sugar of the blood, as observed by BLEILE. 

 This condition does not seem to be the same for all animals, as shown by 

 OPPLER and RONA; the amount of blood-sugar varied quite considerably 

 in rabbits, while on the contrary in dogs it was very constant even under 

 various conditions of life. When the quantity of sugar amounts to more 

 than 3 p. m., then, according to CL. BERNARD, 2 sugar occurs in the urine 

 and a glycosuria appears. An increase in the quantity of sugar takes 

 place, as first observed by BERNARD and substantiated by FR. SCHENCK, 



1 Pfliiger's Arch., 90. 



2 Bleile, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1879; Oppler and Rona, Bioch. Zeitschr., 13; 

 Bernard, Legons sur le diabete, Paris, 1877. 



