404 THE LIVER. 



by hydrochloric acid, dissolved in ammoniacal water and precipitated 

 by BaCl2. The precipitate contains essentially choleic and desoxy- 

 cholic acids, while the filtrate contains a part of these and the chief part 

 of the cholic acid. In regard to the further rather complicated method of 

 separating the various acids/as also in regard to the many methods sug- 

 gested for the preparation of the pure cholic acids, we must refer to com- 

 pleter hand-books. 



Fellic Acid, C 2 3H 40 4 is a cholic acid, so called by SCHOTTEN, which he obtained 

 from human bile, along with the ordinary acid. This acid is crystalline, is insolu- 

 ble in water, and yields barium and magnesium salts; which are very insoluble. 

 It does not respond to PETTENKOFER'S reaction easily and gives a more reddish- 

 blue color. The existence of this acid is still doubtful. 



The conjugate acids of human bile have not been sufficiently investi- 

 gated. To all appearances human bile contains under different circum- 

 stances various conjugate bile-acids. In some cases the bile-salts of 

 human bile are precipitated by BaCl 2 and in others not. According ta 

 the statements of LASSAR-CoHN 1 three cholic acids may be prepared 

 from human bile, namely, ordinary CHOLIC ACID, CHOLEIC ACID, and 



FELLIC ACID. 



Lithofellic Acid, C 2 oH 36 O4, is the acid related to cholic acid which occurs in 

 the oriental bezoar stones, which is insoluble in water, comparatively easily solu- 

 ble in alcohol, but only slightly soluble in ether. 2 



The hyo-glycocholic and cheno-taurocholic acids, as well as the 

 glycocholic acid of the bile of rodents, yield corresponding cholic acids. 

 This also seems to be the case with the glycocholic acid of the hippotamus- 

 bile, which stands very close to the pig-bile (HAMMARSTEN 3 ). In the 

 polar bear a third cholic acid exists besides .cholic and choleic acids. 

 It is called ursocholcic acid, C 19 H 3 oO4 or C 18 H S2 O4 (HAMMARSTEN 4 ). 

 The bile of other animals (walrus, seal) contains special cholic acids 

 (HAMMARSTEN 5 ). 



On boiling with acids, on putrefaction in the intestine, or on heating, 

 cholic acids lose water and are converted into anhydrides, the so-called 

 dyslysins. The dyslysin, C 2 4H 36 O 3 , corresponding to ordinary cholic 

 acid, which occurs in faeces, is amorphous, insoluble in water and alkalies. 

 Choloidic acid, C24H 38 O 4 , is called the first anhydride or an intermediary 

 product in the formation of dyslysin. On boiling dyslysins with 

 caustic alkali they are reconverted into the corresponding cholic acids. 



1 Schotten, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 11; LasspjvCohn, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. 

 Gesellsch., 27. 



2 See J linger and Klages, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. Gesellsch. 28 (older literature). 



3 Investigations not published. 



4 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 36. 



5 Investigations not published. 



