688 URINE. 



not been isolated. The ethereal sulphuric acids of the urine were dis- 

 covered and specially studied by BAUMANN. 1 The quantity of these 

 acids in human urine is small, while horse's urine contains larger quan- 

 tities. According to the determinations of v. D. VELDEN the quantity 

 of ethereal sulphuric acid in human urine in twenty -four hours varies 

 between 0.094 and 0.620 gram. The relation of the sulphate-sulphuric 

 acid A to the conjugated sulphuric acid B, in health, is on an average 

 10:1. It undergoes such great variations, as found by BAUMANN 

 and HERTER, 2 and after them by many other investigators, that it is 

 hardly possible to consider the average figures as normal. After taking 

 phenol and certain other aromatic substances, as well as when putrefac- 

 tion within the organism is general, the elimination of ethereal sulphuric 

 acid is greatly increased. On the contrary, it is diminished when the 

 putrefaction in the intestine is reduced or prevented. For this reason 

 it may be greatly diminished by carbohydrates and exclusive milk diet. 3 

 The intestinal putrefaction and the elimination of ethereal sulphuric 

 acid have also been diminished in some cases by certain therapeutic 

 agents which have an antiseptic action; still the investigators do not 

 agree in their reports. 4 



Great importance has been given to the relation between the total 

 sulphuric acid and the conjugated sulphuric acid, or between the con- 

 jugated sulphuric acid and the sulphate-sulphuric acid, in the study 

 of the intensity of the putrefaction in the intestine under different con- 

 ditions. Several investigators, F. M TILLER, SALKOWSKI, and v. NooRDEN, 5 

 consider correctly that this relation is only of secondary value, and that 

 it is more correct to consider the absolute value. It must be remarked 

 that the absolute values for the conjugated sulphuric acid also undergo 

 .great variation, so that it is at present impossible to give the upper or 

 lower limit for the normal value. 



Phenol- and p-Cresol-sulphuric Acids, C 6 H 5 .O.SO 2 .OH and 

 .O.SO 2 .OH 



. These acids are found as alkali salts in human urine, 



in which also orthocresol has been detected. The quantity of cresol- 



1 Pfluger's Arch., 12 and 13. 



2 v. d. Velden, Virchow's Arch., 70; Herter, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 1. 



3 See Hirschler, Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chem., 10; Biernacki, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. 

 Med., 49; Rovighi, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 16; Winternitz, ibid., and Schmitz, 

 ibid,, 17 and 19. 



4 See Baumann and Morax, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 10; Steiff, Zeitschr. f. 

 klin. Med., 16; Rovighi, 1. c., Stern, Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 12; and Bartoschewitsch, 

 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 17; Mosse, ibid., 23. 



5 Miiller, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med, 12; v. Noorden, ibid., 17; Salkowski, Zeitschr. 

 t. physiol. Chem., 12. 



