736 URINE. 



whose behavior varies in different animals (SALKOWSKI *), passes in 

 human beings, at least in part, into the corresponding uramino-acid, 

 taurocarbamic acid, NH2.CO.NH.C 2 H4.SO 2 .OH. A part of the taurine 

 also appears as such in the urine. In rabbits, when taurine is introduced 

 into the stomach, nearly all its sulphur appears in the urine as sulphuric 

 and hyposulphurous acids. After subcutaneous injection the taurine 

 appears again in great part unchanged in the urine. In dogs a great part 

 of the sulphur of cystine appears in the urine as sulphate (also as thiosul- 

 phate) (BLUM, ABDERHALDEN and SAMUELY 2 ). 



According to W. SMITH the sulphur of the thio-acids, like thiogly colic 

 acid, CH 2 .SH.COOH, is in part oxidized to sulphuric acid, and according 

 to GOLDMANN the same result occurs with aminothiolactic acid (cysteine) 

 and the sulphur of the thio-alcohols (ethyl mercaptans). On the con- 

 trary, ethylsulphide, sulphonic and sulpho acids in general (SALKOWSKI, 

 SMITH 3 ) are not changed into sulphuric acid. Oxyethylsulphonic acid, 

 HO.C 2 H 4 .SO2.OH, which is in part oxidized to sulphuric acid, is an 

 exception (SALKOWSKI). 



Conjugation with glucuronic acid occurs, according to the investiga- 

 tions of SUNDVIK and especially of O. NEUBAUER, in many substituted 

 as well as non-substituted alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Chloral 

 hydrate, C 2 C1 3 OH + H 2 O, passes, after it has been converted into tri- 

 chlorethyl-alcohol by a reduction, into a levogyrate reducing acid, uro- 

 chloralic acid or trichlorethylglucuronic acid, C 2 C1 3 H 2 .C 6 H 9 O 7 (MUSCULTJS 

 and v. MERING). Of the primary alcohols investigated by NEUBAUER 4 

 (upon rabbits and dogs) methyl alcohol gave no conjugated glucuronic 

 acid, and ethyl alcohol only a small amount. Isobutyl alcohol and active 

 amyl alcohol yielded relatively large quantities. Secondary alcohols 

 produced conjugated glucuronic acids, and indeed to a greater extent than 

 the primary alcohols, especially in rabbits. The ketones are reduced in 

 part into secondary alcohols and are partly excreted as the conjugated 

 acid. This could be shown for acetone with rabbits but not with dogs. 



The homo- and heterocyclic compounds pass, as far as is known, into 

 the urine as such, or, after a previous partial oxidation or synthesis with 

 other bodies, and appear as so-called aromatic compounds. That the 

 benzene ring is destroyed in the body in certain cases is very probable. 



1 Ber. d. deutsch. chem. Gesellsch., 6, and Virchow's Arch., 58. 



2 Blum, Hofmeister's Beitrage, 5; Abderhalden and Samuely, Zeitschr. f. physiol. 

 Chem., 46. 



3 Smith, Pfluger's Arch., 53, 55, 57, and Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 17; Salkowski, 

 Virchow's Arch., 66; Pfluger's Arch., 39; Goldmann, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 9; 

 also Baumann and Kast, ibid., 14. 



4 Sundvik, Maly's Jahresber., 16; Musculus and v. Mering, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. 

 Gesellsch., 8; also v. Mering, ibid., 15; Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 6; Kulz, Pfluger's 

 Arch., 28 and 33; O. Neubauer, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 46. 



