PROPAGATION OF HARDY TREES 43 



other genera are readily raised by cuttings taken at 

 almost any time of the year, or by layering. 



Although the above orders include a considerable 

 number of our best shrubs, several plants must be 

 specially mentioned. The Clematis is increased by 

 seeds, cuttings, or layers in the case of the species, 

 but unfortunately the garden forms are usually 

 grafted on C. Viticella or C. Flammula, whereas many 

 can be propagated by cuttings, and practically all 

 will root when layered. Daphne should be raised 

 from seeds, or by layering, though a common prac- 

 tice is to graft all the rarer Daphnes on D. Mezereum, 

 which is another mistake, especially with the ever- 

 green ones, which have a brief existence grafted on 

 a deciduous plant. 



In the absence of seeds the following genera must 

 be propagated by layers, viz., Aucuba, Chimonanthus 

 (Winter Sweet), Halesia (Snowdrop tree), Hamamelis 

 (Witch Hazel), Hippophae (Sea Buckthorn), and 

 Myrica (Candleberry Myrtle). Cuttings of the first 

 will root readily enough, but never seem to succeed 

 afterwards. The female form of Hippophae is best 

 raised from layers, as seedlings usually give a 

 large percentage of male plants. Aralia and Rhus 

 (Sumach) are increased by seeds or root-cuttings ; 

 Buddleia japonica is best raised from seeds, and the 

 other Buddleias from cuttings ; and practically all 

 other hardy shrubs that have not been specially 

 mentioned are easily propagated by seeds, cuttings, 

 or layers, and the majority of them by all three 

 methods. 



