98 TREES AND SHRUBS 



exposure is to make the growth more stunted than 

 would otherwise be the case. 



Fagus sylvatica (Beech). Long recognised as a good shelter 

 tree, its value in this respect is increased by the fact that 

 many leaves often shrivel on the branches instead of 

 dropping, thus giving additional protection in winter. 



Fraxinus excelsior (Ash). The wide-spreading roots of this 

 anchor it securely in position, and the leaves do not 

 weigh down the branches to any great extent. 



Ilex Aquifolium (Holly). Though of slow growth when young, 

 this, when once established, grows away freely and is 

 indifferent to wind. 



Larix europaea (Larch). This is well known as a nurse tree 

 for bleak places. 



Picea (Abies) excelsa (Norway Spruce). One of our com- 

 monest Conifers, hence it is often used as a nurse tree 

 for choicer subjects. 



Pinus austriaca (Austrian Fir). The best of all evergreens for 

 bleak places ; Pinus Cembra (Swiss Stone Pine), of slow 

 growth, but very ornamental, and does not mind the 

 wind. 



Pinus Laricio (Corsican Pine, or Black Pine). As indifferent 

 to exposure as P. austriaca, P. montana (dwarf), and P. 

 sylvestris (Scotch Fir), a well-known native, which often 

 crowns high hill-tops. 



Populus alba (Abele), P. fastigiata (Lombardy Poplar), P. 

 deltoidea (Canadian Poplar), P. nigra (Black Poplar), 

 and P. tremula (Aspen). In low-lying districts all these 

 Poplars are of rapid growth, but in exposed places they 

 make much slower progress. Even then they grow 

 quicker than most shelter plants, and are valuable for 

 making an effective display more quickly than some of 

 the more permanent subjects. These can all be readily 

 cut back within reasonable limits if desired. 



Quercus Robur (Oak). 



Robinia Pseudacacia. The false Acacia is one of the best 



