148 MODERN FRUIT MARKETING 



straight up. In most of the citrus fruit shipments 

 from the West, the boxes are set on end. These boxes 

 are longer than the apple box and have a partition 

 through the center. This keeps the fruit from settling 

 down too much, and by placing the package on end, 

 two tiers will about fill the car to its capacity. 



Most of the apples that are shipped from the north- 

 west, the boxes are placed on the side in the car, 

 the long way of the box being placed the long way of 

 the car. They are given air space for each box on 

 the sides, top and bottom, which permits proper cir- 

 culation. The ends, however, are placed together so as 

 to avoid end play while the cars are being switched or 

 jolted. 



In the case of the packages for cherries or grapes or 

 other kinds of small fruits, where the boxes are made 

 more rigid, several are placed together in one larger 

 package like the four-box grape carriers that come from 

 the West. These are nearly always set straight up, leav- 

 ing the air space, not between each separate box but be- 

 tween each set of six boxes that are set together. In 

 barrels no special precaution is necessary because each 

 package is rigid enough to support the contents. They 

 are usually set on end, two barrels high. In some cases 

 they are laid on the side, but this is not usually desirable 

 except where transportation is by boat. Most of the 

 ocean shipments of barreled fruit are piled on the side 

 instead of on end. 



In loading fruit into cars, a layer is placed on the 

 floor of the car in the position desired and then 1 x l 1 /^- 

 inch cleats, long enough to reach across the car, are 

 nailed to the ends of each box and fastened to the sides 



