TRANSPORTATION 149 



of the car. One of these cleats is placed between each 

 tier of boxes. This will prevent both end and side play, 

 also separate each box sufficiently for the proper circula- 

 tion of air. Each end of the car is loaded in this way 

 until the door in the center is reached and then, instead 

 of filling this space with fruit, it is left open, each half 

 being braced by itself. To do this, 2 x 4-inch uprights 

 are placed in front of each row of boxes and nailed to 

 the floor and roof of the car. Then between these and 

 across the center space are put braces to prevent the 

 giving and loosening of the load. 



The capacity of refrigerator cars varies in accord- 

 ance with the length of the car. Usually they are made 

 in three different lengths, 36, 40 and 42 feet. For 

 apples and citrus fruit, the capacity of these is about 

 as follows: Thirty-six-foot car for apples, 500 boxes; 

 citrus, 336. Forty-foot car for apples, 550 boxes; cit- 

 rus, 384. Forty-two-foot car for apples, 600 boxes; 

 citrus, 409. Where half boxes are shipped instead of 

 the regular size the number will be about 50% greater. 

 "When apples are shipped in barrels, the cars will hold 

 from 150 to 200 barrels. 



In ocean traffic, there is, of course, no limit to the 

 number of boxes or barrels which may be shipped on 

 some of the larger vessels. It is not infrequent to find 

 from 40,000 to 60,000 barrels sent to Europe by one 

 boat. While the motion of the larger boats is not usu- 

 ally very great, considerable damage is often done to 

 fruit shipped by water. Most of this is probably done 

 in the loading and unloading of the boat rather than 

 from the movement of the ship. The packages are not 

 ordinarily made rigid when thus shipped. Most of 



