INTRODUCTION 



METHODS, EQUIPMENT, ETC. 



The Biological Sciences. All living things belong either 

 to the plant or to the animal kingdom. An individual of 

 either group is termed an organism. A study of the ani- 

 mal organisms constitutes the science of zoology, while 

 botany has for its field the investigation of plant life. The 

 science of biology includes both botany and zoology. 



Any animal or plant may be considered from several 

 different standpoints. A general study of structure and of 

 the relations of the various systems and organs is known as 

 anatomy. The location and parts of the heart and courses 

 of the nerves and blood vessels are questions belonging to 

 this science. Physiology has for its province the investiga- 

 tion of the functions of the organs and systems, and there- 

 fore explains the uses of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. 

 Inquiries relating to the home life, food, enemies, and ex- 

 ternal appearance of animals belong to the domain of 

 Natural History, which also concerns itself with the same 

 phases of plant life. 



Value of Zoological Study. It is proper that both 

 teacher and pupil should keep in mind the advantages to be 

 derived from the study of animal life, that time may not be 

 wasted on insignificant details. In fact it is the duty of 

 every teacher to present only such portions of a science as 

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