PRIMITIVE TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE 189 
after it carefully avoided further contact with the crab. 
Older octopi, according to Schneider, contrive to extract the 
hermits from their shells without being stung. The ob- 
servations of Schneider on the young of the octopus were 
verified by von Uexkill in Eledone which also learned to 
avoid a torpedo from which it had received an electric 
shock. 
Kollmann gives an acount of an octopus which was placed 
in an aquarium with a large lobster and several other 
animals. The octopus manceuvred constantly in order to 
seize the lobster, but the latter was on the alert and usually 
made its escape, and on one occasion inflicted a severe cut 
on its adversary’s arm. The lobster was finally seized in an 
unwary moment and surrounded by the long and powerful 
arms of its captor. It was liberated by an attendant and 
placed in an adjoining aquarium separated from the first 
by a cement partition which projected about 2 cm. above the 
surface of the water. The octopus then, although the lob- 
ster was out of its sight, made a sudden spring over the 
partition and soon caught and overcame its prey. 
It is difficult to estimate the psychic aspect of a single 
act such as this. According to Kollmann it shows that the 
octopus has the power of representing the absent lobster and 
of remembering where it was placed; but it is not safe to go 
farther than to say that a certain amount of intelligence 
was probably involved. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
BetHe, A. Das Nervensystem von Carcinus mcenas I, Arch. f. 
mik. Anat. 50, 460 and 549, ’97; II, l.c. 51, 447, ’97. 
DrzEewina, A. Les reactions adaptives des Crabes. Bull. Inst. 
Gén. Psych. 8, 235, ’08. 
Kotimann, J. Aus dem Leben der Cephalopoden, Vierteljahrschr. 
wiss. Philos. 1, ’77. 
