192 INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 
water and climb upon her hand in order to get the food. 
Another larva which was worked with failed to profit in 
the least from repeated efforts to train it. Forel similarly 
trained a large water beetle, which at first fled upon his 
approach, to come toward him for food. The beetle came 
to eat when on the table, whereas naturally it feeds only in 
the water, but it still retained its old method of turning over 
on its back before eating, which it did very clumsily when 
out of its natural element. Lubbock trained a wasp to 
come for food, and finally it would allow itself to be taken 
into the hand and stroked, whereas at first it would show 
strong resentment at attempts of this kind. Very similar 
results were obtained by Adlerz in a species of sand wasp. 
Mr. J. Wodsedalek has recently made an extended study 
of the formation of associations in the May-fly nymph 
Heptagenia interpunctata (Say), which is very common near 
the University of Wisconsin, where the work was carried 
on. Although negatively phototatic, the nymphs were 
trained to go toward a stone (to which they had a strong 
propensity to cling), at increasingly great distances against 
the rays of light, until finally they would go toward it at a 
distance much greater than they could be induced to do at 
first. They were also trained to come for food, and by 
repeated stirring up, several lots of nymphs came to be so 
afraid that whenever the observer approached they would 
scurry about with every appearance of great alarm. 
Nymphs placed in other dishes where they were not dis- 
turbed showed practically no signs of fear. It is of inter- 
est to find in these primitive insects that behavior is 
modified in the two ways which in higher forms we should 
have little hesitation in regarding as indicative of pleasure 
and pain. 
There are several instances of the “training” of ants. 
