226 INTELLIGENCE IN LOWER VERTEBRATES 
each time in a new place as if bearing in mind its failures 
at other points. After a time the goby seemed to become 
discouraged and left the shell, but returned at times and 
resumed its attempts to enter. After an hour and a half 
the goby gave up its efforts entirely. The next day the 
mastic was removed and the shell placed in its original 
position. After several hours the goby had not entered 
the shell and swam by it for a long time without giving it 
the least attention. The shell was then removed to another 
part of the aquarium. As soon as the goby perceived the 
shell it quickly made for it and installed itself under it as 
if it had discovered a new shell instead of the old one. With 
the goby as with the mason bee, Chalcidoma, the place 
which a thing occupies is its chief recognition mark. The 
same shell in a new place was for the goby a new object, 
with promise of being a suitable domicile which, it had come 
to recognize, the shell in the old place was not. 
In this connection the experiment of Lloyd Morgan on 
the behavior of a male stikleback is of interest. ‘A nest 
had been built on a round glass bell jar which stood near 
a window. Some aquatic vegetation grew in the tank, 
and the nest was built on the window side. An experiment 
was made by turning the large bell jar through a right angle. 
The male stickleback searched for its nest in the old direc- 
tion on the window side, that is to say, the same position in 
reference to the incidence of the light. The search was, of 
course, fruitless, and a new nest was begun in this position. 
Presently the old nest was discovered, and was then vig- 
orously destroyed in just the same way as the nest of a rival 
is pulled to pieces and scattered. Here a new incidence of 
light and new direction of shadows seemed to have com- 
pletely transformed the visual situation.” 
The Amphibia, notwithstanding the fact that they have 
