32 EVOLUTION AND RELIGION 



idea apparently equally founded upon fear of life's 

 enemies and upon love for the members of his family 

 or clan. Of course in one sense, the primary sense, 

 survival of race was directly conditioned for a while on 

 survival of self. But there was a higher, a secondary 

 sense, wherein man found that it was necessary for 

 him to subordinate love of self in order that his family, 

 his tribe, his race, might live. Conduct on his part 

 which should be thought to militate against this sur- 

 vival of family, clan, or nation would be considered 

 unmoral. (The word morality means, etymologically, 

 a custom, a habit, a way of life.) Conduct on his part 

 which should be thought to favor and help forward 

 this survival, would be considered moral. This con- 

 viction percolating through society, but probably first 

 recognized and formulated by leaders of human thought, 

 is what in my opinion gave birth to the root idea of all 

 our moral ideas. It seems to have been born, like all 

 root ideas, out of race experience. 



SACRIFICE 



The same rudimentary idea of morality prevails, as 

 you have seen, in many of the lower animals. They, 

 however, do not appear to possess the faculty of spir- 

 itualizing either the unseen powers of the universe nor 

 the moral ideas which have been produced in them by 

 the evolutionary stress of life. Hence they remain 

 comparatively stationary as regards progress. But 

 man spiritualizes what he fears. He fears the natural 

 enemies of his life. He likewise fears his own moral 



