1 4 \ MANUAL OF FORESTRY 



of this character, and wherever a second growth of conifers has 

 conic up on an old pasture it is a high forest, even if not over ten 

 feet in height, the distinction being that trees sprung from seed 

 will in time produce tall timber. 



A combination of the coppice and high-forest forms is known 

 as the "composite form," in which seedling trees and sprouts 

 arc grown together. 



The effect of these different methods of reproduction are 

 nowhere better exemplified than in the forests of northern and 

 southern Xew Kngland. The slopes of the White and the Green 

 Mountains when once denuded of their spruce become reclothed 

 with conifers only after a series of years. In the lower and 

 warmer regions of Massachusetts and Connecticut, on the other 

 hand, the hills are immediately reclothed with forest of the same 

 species that were cut. Such are the advantages of the unkept 

 woods of this region over those of the north. But as a practical 

 system the simple coppice can be advised only in regions where 

 there is a profitable market for fuel wood, as small-dimension 

 material is its chief product. In America the sale of such 

 products is slight compared with the demand for lumber, ties, 

 poles, etc., so the land owner should gradually transform the 

 coppice forest to a high forest, either of the same or more valuable 

 species. 



EVEN AND UNEVEN-AGED FORESTS. 



rveral specimens of the paper or canoe birch in a stand 

 grown on an old burn are cut, it will be found that the ages vary 

 but little, as, for example, from twenty to twenty-five years. 

 In Connecticut it has been the practice of farmers for over a 

 (cntury to cut their wood lot " clean" whenever the trees were 

 of a sufficient size to furnish the material desired. This was 

 formerly cordwood, but during the past generation the use of 

 coal has become so general that other products are now taken 

 from the wood lot. In either case it has been the custom 

 to cut all the trees on a certain area. These are of species 



>prout naturally from the stump, and the result is that 



