62 



A MANUAL OF FORESTRY 



cutting. Under the most intensive system, as developed in 

 Europe, there are three or four of these removal cuttings, in- 

 cluding the final cutting, occurring at intervals of about three 

 years. The inevitable breakage in the reproduction caused by 

 these cuttings, if severe enough to leave gaps, is repaired by 

 planting. 



The following table shows the occurrence of the various 

 cuttings used in this method, covering a period of twenty-five 

 years. The number of preparatory and removal cuttings will 

 undoubtedly be decreased and the total length of the period from 

 the first to the last cutting will be shortened in the use of the 

 system in New England. 



TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF CUTTINGS UNDER 

 SHELTERWOOD SYSTEM AS MOST INTENSIVELY APPLIED. 



II. Methods Depending on Reproduction Wholly or Partly 

 from Sprouts (Coppice). 



The methods already described depend for their success upon 

 the production and growth of young trees from seed. The 

 following methods depend largely on the ability of trees to sprout 

 when cut back. Naturally they can only be applied in forests 

 composed of trees which sprout readily. In this country the 

 most prolific sprouters are chestnut, oak, basswood, birch, maple, 

 especially soft maple, ash, hickory, and other hardwoods. 



There are three systems depending wholly or partly on sprout 

 reproduction : 



A. COPPICE. 



B. COPPICE WITH STANDARDS. 



C. POLE-WOOD COPPICE. 



