78 A MANUAL OF FORESTRY 



valuable species, or often worthless shrubs. In any case, they 

 need to be removed in order that the stand may eventually be 

 of the highest possible character. This type of cutting is called 

 a cleaning, and always takes place in young stands, usually when 



By permission of the Connecticut State Forester. 



Fig. 25. The spreading hardwoods should be taken out to liberate the seedling growth. 



they are from three to ten years of age. Frequently one cleaning 

 is not sufficient and another must be made three to five years 

 after the first. 



The trees removed differ but little in age from those left and 

 oftentimes are the same age but of more rapid growth. When 

 a few years older they are usually of the type termed " advance 

 growth." by which is meant trees that seeded in first and obtained 

 a few years start of the rest of the stand. Because of their com- 

 parative freedom from side crowding they have rather branchy 

 crowns and will not develop into high-grade trees. 



The expense of the cleaning can often be reduced and the 

 purpose as well accomplished by lopping off the tops of the trees 



