I So A MANUAL OF FORESTRY 



Hickory, for example, goes into short and medium length handles, 

 such as axe. pick, and hammer handles; ash is used for longer 

 handles requiring greater stiffness, such as those for forks, hoes, 

 and rakes. Broom handles take a larger part of the maple and 

 beech logs. Small tool handles are made of a variety of woods; 

 plane handles, for example, are made largely of applewood. 

 Where strength is a requisite, second growth wood is often 

 specified. In the manufacture of cant hooks and peaveys, for 

 example, second growth maple and rock elm are usually required. 

 Vehicles and Vehicle Parts. Two classes of wood are de- 

 manded by vehicle makers. One must possess strength and 

 rigidity and goes into axles, braces, and frames; the other need 

 not be particularly strong or rigid, and is worked into bodies. 

 The frame woods include oak, ash, maple, birch, beech and elm ; 

 while the body woods are such species as basswood, yellow poplar, 

 balsam fir, and red spruce. 



BOLTS AND BILLETS. 



Bolts are short sections of logs. Billets are obtained by 

 halving, quartering, or otherwise splitting or sawing bolts length- 

 wise. Under former conditions billets were often split or rived, 

 but because of the greater waste from this method and the present 

 high values most billets are now sawed out. A cord of average 

 sized hickory bolts that will yield only about 700 rived spoke 

 billets may be sawed into 900 billets. 1 



Bolts and billets are used for cooperage, wood pulp, excelsior, 

 wooden ware (pails and tubs), handles, vehicle parts, some agri- 

 cultural implements, fruit and vegetable packages, athletic 

 goods, etc. 



Bolts are measured and sold by the cord, by linear feet, and by 

 board feet. If they are 12 inches or over in diameter, they are 

 usually sold by board measure. Billets are frequently sold by 

 the piece or count, particularly if sawed and of uniform size, or 

 are stacked and measured in cords, either standard or short cords 

 of specified width. 



1 Farmers' Bulletin 715, by \V. R. Mattoon. 



