ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 67 



question is as to whether 3 or 5 is the essential thin;^. In human 

 associations 3 certainly often is, and the animals have been 

 credited with the same kind. Whatever he t/tinks. Professor 

 Morgan surely talks as if i aroused 9 and 10 and 3 and leaves 

 5 to be supplied at will. We have aflirmed that 5 is the essen- 

 tial thing, that no association w^ithout a specific 5 belonging to 

 it and acquired by it can lead to an act. Let us look at the 

 reasons. 



A cat has been made to go into a box through the door, 

 which is then closed. She pulls a loop and comes out and gets 

 fish. She is made to go in by the door again, and again lets 

 herself out. After this has happened enough times, the cat 

 will of her own accord go into the box after eating the fish. It 

 will be hard to keep her out. The old explanation of this 

 would be that the cat associated the memory of being in the 

 box with the subsequent pleasure, and therefore performed the 

 equivalent of saying to herself, "Goto! I will go in." The 

 thought of bctitgtn, they say, makes h.tv go in. The thought 

 0/ being in ivill not inake her go in. For if, instead of push- 

 ing the cat toward the doorway or holding it there, and thus 

 allowing it to itself give the impulse, to innervate the mus- 

 cles, to walk in, you shut the door first and drop the cat in 

 through a hole in the top of the box, she will, after escaping 

 as many times as in the previous case, not go into the box of 

 her own accord. She has had exactly the same opportunity of 

 connecting the idea of being in the box with the subsequent 

 pleasure. Either a cat cannot connect ideas, representations, at 

 all, or she has not the power of progressing from the thought 

 of being in to the act of going in. The only difference between 

 the first cat and the second cat is that the first cat, in the course 

 of the experience, has the impulse to crawl through that door, 

 while the second has not the impulse to crawl through the door 

 or to drop through that hole. So, though you put the second 

 cat on the box beside the hole, she doesn't try to get into the 

 box through it. The impulse is the sine qua non of the asso- 

 ciation. The second cat has everything else, but cannot sup- 

 ply that. These phenomena were observed in six cats, three of 

 which were tried by the first method, three by the second. Of 



