ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 7r 



If, then, an animal happens to learn an act by being put 

 through it, it is just happening, nothing more. Of course, you 

 may direct the animal's efforts so that he will perform the act 

 himself the sooner. For instance, you may iiold him so that his 

 accidental pawing will be sure to hit the vital point of the con- 

 trivance. But the animal can not form an association leading 

 to an act unless the particular impulse to that act is present as 

 an element of the association ; he cannot supply it from a gen- 

 eral stock. The groundwork of animal associations is not the 

 association of ideas, but the association of idea or sense-impres- 

 sion with imfuhc. 



In the questionnaire mentioned elsewhere, some questions 

 were asked with a view to obtaining corroboration or refuta- 

 tion of this theory that an impulse or innervation is a necessar}' 

 element in every association formed if that association leads to 

 an act. The questions and answers were : 



^lestion i : "If you wanted to teach a horse to tap seven times 

 with his hoof when you asked him, " How many days are there 

 in a week?," would you teach him by taking his leg and mak- 

 ing him go through the motions ? " 



A answered, "Yes! at tirst." 



B answered, " No ! I would not." 



C answered, " At first, yes ! " 



D answered, "No!" 



^lestion 2: "Do you think you could teach him that way, 

 even if naturally you would take some other way?" 



A answered, " In time, yes ! " 



B answered, " I think it would be a very hard way." 



C answered, " Certainly I do." 



D answered, " I do not think I could." 



E answered, " Yes." 



^lestion J / " How would you teach him? " 



A answered, " I should tap his foot with a whip, so that 

 he would raise it, and reward him each time." 



B answered, " I should teach him by tlie motion of the 



whip." 



C answered, " First teach him by pricking his leg the 

 number of times you wanted his foot lifted." 



