ANIMAL IXTELLIGENCE. 77 



certain that ideas of clawing loops would be easier to form 

 than ideas of scratching or licking oneself. The matter is 

 still open to question. But, as said before, my opinion would 

 be that animals do have representations and that such are the 

 beginning of the rich life of ideas in man. For the most part, 

 however, such are confined to specific and narrow practical 

 lines. There was no evidence that my animals habituallv did 

 form associations of ideas from their experience throughout, or 

 that such were constantly revived without the spur of immediate 

 practical advantage. 



Before leaving the topic an account may be given of experi- 

 ments similar to the one described above as performed on cats 

 3 and 4, which were undertaken with Cat 13 and Dogs i, 2 

 and 3. 



Cat 13 was fed with pieces of fish at the top of the wire 

 netting 45 times, to accustom it to climbing up when it saw me 

 come with fish. I then went through the same process as with 

 3 and 4, but at intervals of 60 to 90 seconds instead of 120. 

 After 90 such trials it occasionally climbed up a little way, but 

 though 135 trials in all were given it never made the uniform 

 and definite reaction which 3 and 4 did. It reacted, when it 

 reacted at all, at from 5 to 9 seconds after the signal. Whether 

 age, w^eight, lack of previous habitual climbing when I ap- 

 proached, or a slowness in forming the association made the 

 difference, is uncertain. 



Dog i was experimented on in the following manner : I 

 would put him in a big pen, 20-10 feet, and sit outside facing it. 

 he watching me as was his habit. I would pound with a stick 

 and say, " Go over to the corner." After an interval (10 seconds 

 for 35 trials, 5 seconds for 60 trials) I would go over to the 

 corner (12 feet off) and drop a piece of meat there. He, of 

 course, followed and secured it. On the 6th, 7th, i6th. i7ih, 

 i8th and 19th trials he did perform the act before the 10 sec- 

 onds were up, then for several times went during the two-minute 

 intervals without regarding the signal, and finally abandoned 

 the habit altogetiier, although he showed bv his behavior when 

 the signal was given that he was not indifferent to it. 



Dogs I, 2 and 3 were also given 95, 135 and 95 trials, re- 



