ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 83 



or connections. If enough associations are provided by a 

 general curiosity, such as is seen among the monkeys, if the 

 mental elements of the association are freed, isolated, felt by 

 themselves, then a realization of the ideas, feelings of their 

 similarity by transition from one to tlie other, feelings of qual- 

 ities and of meanings, may gradually emerge. Language will 

 be a factor in the isolation of the ideas and a help to their 

 realization. But when anyone says that language has been the 

 cause of the change from brute to man, when one talks as if noth- 

 ing but it were needed turn animal consciousness into human, 

 he is speaking as foolishly as one who should sav that a pro- 

 boscis added to a cow would make it an elephant. 



This is all I have to say, in this connection, about associa- 

 tion by similarity and conception, and with it is concluded our 

 analysis of the nature of the association-process in animals. 

 Before proceeding to treat of the delicacy, complexity, number 

 and permanence of these associations, it seems worth while to 

 attempt to describe graphically, not by analysis, the mental fact 

 we have been studying, and also to connect our results with the 

 previous theories of association. 



One who has seen the phenomena so far described, who has 

 watched the life of a cat or dog for a month or more under test 

 conditions, gets, or fancies he gets, a fairly delinite idea of what 

 the intellectual life of a cat or dog feels like. It is most like 

 what we feel when consciousness contains little thought about 

 anything, when we feel the sense-impressions in their first 

 intention, so to speak, when we feel our own body, and the 

 impulses we give to it. Sometimes one gets this animal con- 

 sciousness while in swimming, for example. One feels the 

 water, the sky, the birds above, but with no thoughts a/^o/// them 

 or memories of how they looked at other times, or aesthetic 

 judgments about their beauty ; one feels no ideas about what 

 movements he will make, but feels himself make them, feels 

 his body throughout. Self-consciousness dies away. Social 

 consciousness dies away. The meanings, and values, and con- 

 nections of things die away. One feels sense-impressions, ha.s 

 impulses, feels the movements he makes; that is all. 



This pictorial descripUon may be supplemented by an ac- 



