86 E. L. THORNDIKE. 



what from those which we form ourselves. These constructs, 

 moreover, through association with reconstructs or representa- 

 tions, link themselves in trains so that a sensation, or group of 

 sensations, may suggest a series of reconstructs, or a series of 

 remembered phenomena." (C. L. Morgan, ' Animal Life and 

 Intelligence,' p. 341.) 



" Lastly, before taking leave of the subject of the chapter, I 

 am most anxious that it should not be thought that, in contend- 

 ing that intelligence is not reason, I wish in any way to dis- 

 parage intelligence. Nine-tenths at least of the actions of aver- 

 age men are intelligent and not rational. Do we not all of us 

 know hundreds of practical men who are in the highest degree 

 intelligent, but in whom the rational, analytic faculty is but little 

 developed ? Is it any injustice to the brutes to contend that 

 their inferences are of the same order as those of these excellent 

 practical folk? In any case, no such injustice is intended ; and 

 if I deny them self-consciousness and reason I grant to the 

 higher animals perceptions of marvellous acuteness and intelli- 

 gent inferences of wonderful accuracy and precision — intelligent 

 inferences in some cases, no doubt, more perfect even than those 

 of man, who is often disturbed by many thoughts" (ibid., p. 



376-377)- 



" Language and the analytic faculty it renders possible, dif- 

 ferentiate man from the brute" (ibid., p. 374). 



Here, as elsewhere, it should be remembered that Lloyd 

 Morgan is not quoted because he is the worst offender or be- 

 cause he represents the opposite in general of what the present 

 writer takes to be the truth. On the contrary, Morgan is 

 quoted because he is the least offender, because he has taken 

 the most advanced stand along the line of the present investi- 

 gation, because my differences from him are in the line of his 

 differences from other writers. With the theory of the passages 

 just quoted, however, which attribute extensive association of 

 ideas and general powers comparable to those of men minus 

 reason, to the brutes, and which repeat the time-honored dis- 

 tinction by language, I do not, in the least, agree. Associa- 

 tion in animals does not equal association in man. The latter 

 is built over and permeated and transformed by inference and 



