ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 



ary click, and would do sometimes one tiling lirsi, sometimes 

 another. It may also be noted here, in advance of its proper 

 place, that these compound associations are far below the simple 

 in point of permanence. The conduct of the animals is clearly 

 not that of minds having associated with a certain box's interior 

 the idea of a succession of three movements. The animal does 

 not feel, " I did this and that and that and got out," or, more 

 simply still, "this and that and that means getting out." If it 

 did we should soon see it doing what was necessary without 

 repetition and in a fairly constant time. 



I imagine, however, that an animal could learn to associ- 

 ate with one sense-impression a compound act so as to per- 

 form its elements in a regular order. By arranging the box 

 so that the second and third elements of the act could be 

 performed only after the first had bccn^ and the third ouh 

 after the first and second^ I am inclined to think you could 

 get a very vigorous cat to learn the elements in order and 

 form the association perfectly. The case is comparable to that 

 of delicacy. The cat does not tend to know what he is doing 

 or to depart from the hit-or-miss method of learning, but by 

 associating the other combinations of elements with failure to 

 get pleasure, as in delicacy experiments we associated the re- 

 actions to all but the one signal, 3'ou could probably stamp out 

 all but the i, 2, 3 order. 



The fact that you have to thus manceuvre to get the animals 

 to have the three impulses in a regular order shows that even 

 when they are so there is no idea of the three as in an order, no 

 thinking about them. Representations do not get beyond their 

 first intention. They are not carried up into a free life which 

 works them over anew. A complex act does not imply a com- 

 plex thought, or, more exactly, a performance of a series does 

 not imply the thought of a series. Consequently, since the 

 complexity of the act depends on the power which failure has 

 to stamp out all other combinations, it is far more limited than 



in man. 



Number of Associations. 



The patent and important fact is that there are so few in 

 animals compared to the human stock. Even after taking into 



