ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 103 



direct experience,' but an abstraction from our own life referred 

 to that of another. 



I fancy that these feelings of others' feelings may be connected 

 pretty closely with imitation, and for that reason may begin to 

 appear in the monkeys. There we have some fair evidence for 

 their presence in the tricks which monkeys play on each other. 

 Such feelings seem the natural explanation of the apparently 

 useless tail-pullings and such like which make up the attractions 

 of the monkey-cage. These may, however, be instinctive 

 forms of play-activity or merely examples of the general ten- 

 dency of the monkeys to fool with everything. 



Interaction. 



I hope it will not be thought impertinent if from the stand- 

 point of this research I add a word about a general psycholog- 

 ical problem, the problem of interaction. I have spoken all 

 along of the connection between the situation and a certain im- 

 pulse and act being stamped in when pleasure results from the 

 act and stamped out when it doesn't. In this fact, which is un- 

 deniable, lies a problem which Lloyd Morgan has frequently em- 

 phasized. How at'e pleasurable results able to burn in and render 

 predominant the association which led to them ? This is per- 

 haps the greatest problem of both human and animal psychol- 

 ogy. Unfortunately in human psychology it has been all 

 tangled up with the problems of free will, mental activity, 

 voluntary attention, the creation of novel acts, and almost every- 

 thing else. In our experiments we get the data which give rise 

 to the problem, in a very elementary form. 



It should first be noted about theyac/ that the pleasure does 

 not burn in an impulse and act themselves, but an impulse 

 and act as connected with that f articular situation. No cat 

 ever goes around clawing, clawing, clawing all the lime, 

 because clawing in these boxes has resulted in pleasure. 

 Secondly, the connection thus stamped in is not contempora- 

 neous^ but prior to the pleasure. So much for the fact ; 

 now for the explanation. I do not wish to rehearse or add to 

 the arguments with which so many pages have been already 

 filled by scientists and philosophers both. What we need most 



