XIV CONTENTS 



CHAPTER IX 



The Rise of Physiology — Harvey. Haller. Johannes Muller, 179 



Physiology had a parallel development with anatomy, 179. Physiol- 

 ogy of the ancients, 179. Galen, 180. Period of Harvey, 180. 

 His demonstration of circulation of the blood, 180. His method 

 of experimental investigation, 181. Period of Haller, 181. Phys- 

 iology developed as an independent science, 183. Haller's per- 

 sonal characteristics, 181. His idea of vital force, 182. His book 

 on the Elements of Physiology a valuable work, 183. Discovery 

 of oxygen by Priestley in 1774, 183. Charles Bell's great discov- 

 ery on the nervous system, 183. Period of Johannes Muller, 184. 

 A man of unusual gifts and personal attractiveness, 185. His 

 personal appearance, 185. His great influence over students, 185. 

 His especial service was to make physiology broadly comparative, 

 186. His monumental Handbook of Physiology, 186. Unex- 

 ampled accuracy in observation, 186. Introduces the principles 

 of psychology into physiology, 186. Physiology after Muller, 

 188-195. Ludwig, 188. Du Bois-Reymond, 189. Claude 

 Bernard, 190. Two directions of growth in physiology — the 

 chemical and the physical, 192. Influence upon biology, 193. 

 Other great names in physiology, 194. 



CHAPTER X 



Von Baer and the Rise of Embryology, . . . . 195 



Romantic nature of embryology, 195. Its importance, 195. Rudi- 

 mentary organs and their meaning, 195. The domain of em- 

 bryology, 196. Five historical periods, 196. The period of 

 Harvey and Malpighi, 197-205. The embryological work of 

 these two men insufficiently recognized, 197. Harvey's pioneer 

 attempt critically to analyze the process of development, 198. His 

 teaching regarding the nature of development, 199. His treatise 

 on Generation, 199. The frontispiece of the edition of 165 1, 201, 

 202. Malpighi's papers on the formation of the chick within the 

 egg, 202. Quality of his pictures, 202. His belief in preformation, 

 207. Malpighi's rank as embryologist, 205. The period of 

 Wolff, 205-214. Rise of the theory of predelineation, 206. 

 Sources of the idea that the embryo is preformed within the egg, 

 207. Malpighi's observations quoted, 207. Swammerdam's 

 view, 208. Leeuwenhoek and the discovery of the sperm, 208. 



