CONTENTS xix 



PART II 



1 hi; Doctrine of Organic Evolution 

 CHAPTER XVI 



PAGE 



Wh/t Evolution Is: The Evidence upon which it Rests, etc., . 347 

 Great vagueness regarding the meaning of evolution, 348. Causes for 

 this, 348. The confusion of Darwinism with organic evolution, 

 349. The idea that the doctrine is losing ground, 349. Scientific 

 controversies on evolution relate to the factors, not to the fact, of 

 evolution, 349. Nature of the question: not metaphysical, not 

 theological, but historical, 350. The historical method applied 

 to the study of animal life, 351. The diversity of living forms, 

 351. Are species fixed in nature? 352. Wide variation among an- 

 imals, 352. Evolutionary series: The shells of Slavonia and 

 Steinheim, 353-355. Evolution of the horse, 356. The collec- 

 tion of fossil horses at the American Museum of Natural History, 

 New York, 357. The genealogy of the horse traced for more 

 than two million years, 356. Connecting forms: the archaeop- 

 teryx and pterodactyls, 360. The embryolo^ical record and its 

 connection with evolution, 360. Clues to the past history of 

 animals, 360. Rudimentary organs, 363-365. Hereditary sur- 

 vivals in the human body, 365. Remains of the scaffolding for 

 its building, 366. Antiquity of man, 366. Pre-human types, 367. 

 Virtually three links: the Java man; the Neanderthal skull; the 

 early neolithic man of Engis, 366-370. Evidences of man's evo- 

 lution based on palaeontology, embryology, and archaeology, 372. 

 Mental evolution, 372. Sweep of the doctrine of organic evolu- 

 tion, 372-373- 



CHAPTER XVII 



Theories of Evolution — Lamarck. Darwin, . . . -374 



The attempt to indicate the active factors of evolution is the source of 

 the different theories, 374. The theories of Lamarck, Darwin, 

 and Weismann have attracted the widest attention, 375. La- 

 marck, the man, 374-380. His education, 376. Leaves priestly 

 studies for the army, 376. Great bravery, 377. Physical injury 

 makes it necessary for him to give up military life, 377. Por- 

 trait, 379. Important work in botany, 377. Pathetic poverty 



