xxii CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XX 



Retrospect and Prospect. Present Tendencies in Biology, .442 

 Biological thought shows continuity of development, 442. Character 

 of the progress — a crusade against superstition, 442. The first 

 triumph of the scientific method was the overthrow of authority, 

 443. The three stages of progress — descriptive, comparative, ex- 

 perimental, 443. The notable books of biology and their authors, 

 443-445. Recent tendencies in biology: higher standards, 445; 

 improvement in the tools of science, 446; advance in methods, 

 447; experimental work, 447; the growing interest in the study 

 of processes, 448; experiments applied to heredity and evolution, 

 to fertilization of the egg, and to animal behavior, 448, 449. 

 Some tendencies in anatomical studies, 450. Cell-lineage, 450. 

 New work on the nervous system, 451. The application of 

 biological facts to the benefit of mankind, 451. Technical biol- 

 ogy, 451. Soil inoculation, 452. Relation of insects to the trans- 

 mission of diseases, 452. The food of fishes, 452. The establish- 

 ment and maintenance of biological laboratories, 452. The sta- 

 tion at Naples, 452. Other stations, 454. The establishment and 

 maintenance of technical periodicals, 454. Explorations of fossil 

 records, 455. The reconstructive influence of biological prog- 

 ress, 456. 



READING LIST, . 



I. General References, 451-459. II. Special References, 459-468. 



457 



Index, 471 



