Xll CONTENTS 



PAGE 



and De Geer on a higher plane as regards knowledge of insect life, 

 95. Straus-Durckheim's monograph on insect anatomy, 96. Rivals 

 that of Lyonet in detail and in the execution of the plates, 99. 

 His general considerations now antiquated, 99. He attempted 

 to make insect anatomy comparative, 100. Dufour endeavors to 

 found a broad science of insect anatomy, 100. Newport, a v^ry 

 skilful dissector, with philosophical cast of mind, who recognizes 

 the value of embryology in anatomical work, 100. Leydig starts 

 a new kind of insect anatomy embracing microscopic structure 

 (histology), 102. This the beginning of modern work, 102. 

 Structural studies on other small animals, 103. The discovery 

 of the simplest animals, 104. Observations on the microscopic 

 animalcula, 105. The protozoa discovered in 1675 by Leeuwen 

 hoek, 105. Work of O. F. Miiller, 1786, 106. Of Ehrenberg 

 1838, 107. Recent observations on protozoa, 109. 



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Linnaeus and Scientific Natural History, 



Natural history had a parallel development with comparative anatomy, 

 no. The Physiologus, or sacred natural history of the Middle 

 Ages, 1 10, in. The lowest level reached by zoology, in. The 

 return to the science of Aristotle a real advance over the Physiol- 

 ogus, 112. The advance due to Wotton in 1552, 112. Gesner, 

 15 16-1565. High quality of his Historia Animalium, n 2-1 14. 

 The scientific writings of Jonson and Aldrovandi, 114. John 

 Ray the forerunner of Linnaeus, 115. His writings, 117. Ray's 

 idea of species, 117. Linnaeus or Linne, 118. A unique ser- 

 vice to natural history. Brings the binomial nomenclature into 

 general use, 118. Personal history, 119. Quality of his mind, 

 120. His early struggles with poverty, 120. Gets his degree in 

 Holland, 121. Publication of the Systema Natures in 1735, 121. 

 Return to Sweden, 123. Success as a university professor in Up- 

 sala, 123. Personal appearance, 125. His influence on natural 

 history, 125. His especial service, 126. His idea of species, 

 128. Summary, 129. Reform of the Linnaean system, 130- 

 138. The necessity of reform, 130. The scale of being, 131. 

 Lamarck the first to use a genealogical tree, 132. Cuvier's 

 four branches, 132. Alterations by Von Siebold and Leuckart, 

 134-137. Tabular view of classifications, 138. General biologi- 

 cal progress from Linnaeus to Darwin. Although details were 

 multiplied, progress was by a series of steps, 138. Analysis 



