X CONTENTS 



PAGE 



tion, 20; introduction of microscopes, 20; Linnaeus, 20; Cuvier, 

 20; Bichat, 21; Von Baer, 21; the rise of physiology, 21; the 

 beginnings of evolutionary thought, 21; the cell-theory, 21; the 

 discovery of protoplasm, 21. 



CHAPTER II 



Vesalius and the Overthrow of Authority in Science, . . 22 



Vesalius, in a broad sense, one of the founders of biology, 22. A pic- 

 ture of the condition of anatomy before he took it up, 23. Galen: 

 his great influence as a scientific writer, 24. Anatomy in the 

 Middle Ages, 24. Predecessors of Vesalius: Mundinus, Beran- 

 garius, Sylvius, 26. Vesalius gifted and forceful, 27. His im- 

 petuous nature, 28. His reform in the teaching of anatomy, 28. 

 His physiognomy, 30. His great book (1543), 32. A descrip- 

 tion of its illustrations, 32, 33. Curious conceits of the artist, 34. 

 Opposition to Vesalius: curved thigh bones due to wearing tight 

 trousers, the resurrection bone, 34, 35. The court physician, 36. 

 Close of his life, 36. Some of his successors: Eustachius and 

 Fallopius, 37. The especial service of Vesalius: he overthrew 

 dependence on authority and reestablished the scientific method 

 of ascertaining truth, 38. 



CHAPTER III 



William Harvey and Experimental Observation, . . .39 



Harvey's work complemental to that of Vesalius, 39. Their com- 

 bined labors laid the foundations of the modern method of in- 

 vestigating nature, 39. Harvey introduces experiments on living 

 organisms, 40. Harvey's education, 40. At Padua, comes 

 under the influence of Fabricius, 41. Return to England, 42. 

 His personal qualities, 42-45. Harvey's writings, 45. His great 

 classic on movement of the heart and blood (1628), 46. His 

 demonstration of circulation of the blood based on cogent rea- 

 soning; he did not have ocular proof of its passage through 

 capillaries, 47. Views of his predecessors on the movement of 

 the blood, 48. Servetus, 50. Realdus Columbus, 50. Csesal- 

 pinus, 51. The originality of Harvey's views, 51. Harvey's 

 argument, 51. Harvey's influence, 52. A versatile student; 

 work in other directions, 52. His discovery of the circulation 

 created modern physiology, 52. His method of inquiry became 

 a permanent part of biological science, 53. 



