OUTLINE OF BIOLOGICAL PROGRESS 21 



tive anatomy, so furthered the knowledge of the organization 

 of animals that he created an epoch. 



Bichat (1771-1801) his great contemporary, created an- 

 other by laying the foundation of our knowledge of the struc- 

 ture of animal tissues. 



Von Baer (1792-1876), by his studies of the development 

 of animal life, supplied what was lacking in the work of 

 Cuvier and Bichat and originated modern embryology. 



Haller (1 708-1 777), in the eighteenth, and Johannes Mul- 

 ler (1801-1858) in the nineteenth century, so added to the 

 ground work of Harvey that physiology was made an inde- 

 pendent subject and was established on modern lines. 



With Buffon, Erasmus, Darwin, and Lamarck (1744- 

 1829) began an epoch in evolutionary thought which had 

 its culminating point in the work of Charles Darwin (1869- 

 1882). 



Mendel's experimental observations on inheritance, pub- 

 lished in 1866, mark one of the most important biological 

 discoveries of the nineteenth century, although the recogni- 

 tion of his work was delayed till the year 1901. 



After Cuvier and Bichat came the establishing of the cell- 

 theory (1838), which created an epoch and influenced all 

 further progress. 



Finally, through the discovery of protoplasm (1835) and 

 the recognition that it is the seat of all vital activity, arrived 

 the epoch (1861) which brought us to the threshold of the 

 biology of the present day. 



Step by step naturalists have been led from the obvious and 

 superficial facts about living organisms to the deeplying 

 basis of all vital manifestations. 



