THE BIRTH OF HISTOLOGY 1 77 



versary of that university. Besides receiving many honors in 

 previous years, in 1906 he was awarded, in conjunction with 

 the Italian histologist Golgi, one of the Nobel prizes in recog- 

 nition of his notable investigations. Golgi invented the stain- 

 ing methods that Ramon y Cajal has applied so extensively 

 and so successfully to the histology of the nervous system. 



These men in particular may be remembered as the inves- 

 tigators who expanded the work of Bichat on the tissues: 

 Schwann, for disclosing the microscopic elements of animal 

 tissues and founding the cell-theory; Koelliker, as the typical 

 histologist after the analysis of tissues into their elementary 

 parts; Virchow, as extending the cell-idea to abnormal his- 

 tology; Leydig, for applying histology to the lower animals ; 

 and Ramon y Cajal, for investigations into the histology of 

 the nervous system. 



Text-Books of Histology. — Besides the works mentioned, 

 the text-books of Frey, Strieker, Ranvier, Klein, Schafer, 

 and others represent a period in the general introduction of 

 histology to students between 1859 and 1885. But these 

 excellent text-books have been largely superseded by the 

 more recent ones of Stohr, Boem-Davidoff, Piersol, Szy- 

 monowicz, and others. The number of living investigators 

 in histology is enormous; and their work in the subject of 

 cell-structure and in the department of embryology now 

 overlaps. 



In pathological histology may be observed an illustration 

 of the application of biological studies to medicine. While 

 no attempt is made to give an account of these practical ap- 

 plications, they are of too great importance to go unmen- 

 tioned. Histological methods are in constant use in clinical 

 diagnosis, as in blood counts, the study of inflammations, of 

 the action of phagocytes, and of all manner of abnormal 

 growths. 



In attempting to trace the beginning of a definite founda- 



