ORGANIC EVOLUTION 369 



pattern of the convolutions. A somewhat more primitive 

 type was discovered a few months earlier (March, 1908) at 

 the famous station of Le Moustier (Dordogne). It is the 

 skull of a young person and valuable for comparison. These 

 human relics of the Neanderthal age have been named scien- 

 tifically Homo neanderthalensis (or primigenius) , Homo mou- 

 stierensis, etc., thus including them in the same genus with 

 Homo sapiens of Linnaeus. 



These aboriginal people represent one link of the chain of 

 human ancestry, and they were followed by a more developed 

 type of primitive man before the dawn, of history, and the 

 emergence of the modern type. 



A much more interesting circumstance is that the Neander- 

 thal people were also preceded by more primitive pre-humans. 

 There are known at present three examples of remains that 

 are distinctly pre-Neanderthaloid. The first to be discov- 

 ered, and also the most primitive pre-human species known, 

 is represented by portions of the skull and of the leg bones, 

 found in Central Java by the Dutch surgeon, Dubois, during 

 the years 1891 and 1892, and made known in 1894. These 

 remains were found in tertiary deposits and were baptized 

 under the name of Pithecanthropus erectus. The capacity of 

 the skull, 930 cubic centimeters, precludes the conclusion 

 that it belongs to the anthropoid series; the largest cranial 

 capacity of apes, living or fossil, not exceeding 600 cubic 

 centimetres. 



The second pre-Neanderthaloid is the perfect lower jaw 

 with all the teeth, discovered in 1907 in the sands of Mauer, 

 near Heidelberg. These deposits belong to the lower quarter- 

 nary, and since the discovery of the Heidelberg jaw it is 

 claimed that Eoliths have been discovered in the same layer. 

 The jaw, while distinctly human as to characteristics of the 

 teeth, is very primitive. The creature to which it belonged 

 has been designated Homo Heidelbergensis. 



