VARIOUS FACTORY BY-PRODUCTS 181 



The fact that wheat bran is a common and valuable dairy feed 

 should not lead feeders to believe that it is indispensable and must 

 be bought at any price. It is often possible to buy other equally 

 valuable concentrates at a lower cost. 



Bran is especially valuable for feeding stock that requires a 

 liberal supply of protein and mineral matter in their rations and 

 are able to digest bulky feeds; on account of its coarseness it is 

 well adapted for use with heavy feeds like corn meal, buckwheat 

 middlings, oil meal, etc. 



Middlings or shorts are well suited to the use of young animals 

 that do not do well on bran, like pigs and calves. They are espe- 

 cially valuable for feeding these classes of animals, and are always 

 mixed with other feeds, like corn meal, ground oats or barley, oil 

 meal, etc., when so used. They contain, as a rule, about 17 per 

 cent protein, 5 per cent fat, and less than 8 per cent fiber. 



Red-dog flour, or dark feeding flour, is rich in starch, protein, 

 and fat, containing, on the average, about 18 per cent protein, 4.5 

 per cent fat, and over 60 per cent nitrogen-free extract; its fiber 

 content is generally below 2 per cent. The high percentages of 

 protein and fat contained in red dog are due to the presence therein 

 of the rich wheat germs which generally go into this by-product. 

 It is, therefore, a more valuable feed than the best grades of 

 middlings, and is also somewhat higher in price. Besides for 

 feeding young animals, calves, and pigs, red-dog flour is used in 

 foundry work, to prevent the mold from adhering to the castings. 



White middlings or flour middlings are composed of a mixture 

 of standard middlings and red-dog flour, and have an intermediate 

 composition and feeding value between these feeds. 



Adulterated Wheat Feeds. As a rule, the wheat feeds on the 

 market are pure feeds, or free from serious adulterations, although 

 of greatly varying quality. Adulterations with ground cornstalks, 

 ground corn cobs, cedar sawdust, oat hulls, and weed seeds have, 

 however, been identified in commercial samples in the past. 1 The 

 only common adulteration of wheat bran and other wheat feeds 

 is the admixture of whole or ground grain screenings. If finely 

 ground, the screenings are, as a rule, rather unobjectionable, since 

 the weed seeds contain considerable amounts of nutrients, but 

 the whole screenings make a very undesirable adulteration, on ac- 

 count of the danger of fouling the farm land with weeds by their 

 use. One of the most striking recent examples of this danger that 



1 Wisconsin Bulletin 97, p. 30; U. S. Notice of Judgment, 66, 67, and 

 2387. 



