CHAPTER VIII. 



LAPLAND, AND LAND OF THE SAMOIDES. 



FROM about the latitude of Archangel, but on the western 

 coast of the White Sea, and extending thence to the 

 frontier of Finland, is Russian Lapland. It also is wooded, 

 but the country inhabited by the Lapps extends through 

 Finland, Sweden, and Norway, to the Atlantic, and the 

 timber trade is much more extensively developed in the 

 Scandinavian portion of Lapland than in that which lies 

 further to the west. The Tornea flowing into the head of 

 the Gulf of Bothnia, and the western boundary of Finland, 

 is considered the medium line. 



Lapland has been divided by Wahlenberg into five zones, 

 concentric with the Gulf of Bothnia, and differing from each 

 other in climate and productions. The first, extending 

 obliquely round the Gulf of Bothnia, from N. lat. 64 to 

 nearly 69, and forming a zone generally 80 miles in 

 breadth, is covered with forests of spruce and Scots fir, 

 and is called Woody Lapland. The second, higher and 

 colder than the first, extending from latitude 65 to nearly 

 70, and generally only six or eight miles in breadth, con- 

 tains the Scots fir, and is denominated Sub-woody Lapland. 

 The third, of a higher elevation than either of the others, 

 ranges, like the latter, from 65 to 70 N. lat., and is gene- 

 rally about twelve miles in breath, except to the north-east 

 of Enonteki, where it descends to about 40, produces the 

 birch, but none of the conifers ; it is called the Sub-Alpine 

 region. The fourth, immediately behind the third, and 

 nearly of the same breadth, stands still higher, and pro- 

 duces only the Salix glauca, a species of willow peculiar 



