EXPORT TIMBER TRADE. 123 



of the machines are hydraulic mills, but of late years the 

 number wrought by steam-power has considerably increased. 

 There are reckoned to be in Russia about a hundred great 

 saw-mills. We know of thirty driven by steam, and of this 

 number there are six in the Government of Archangel 

 which are occupied solely in sawing wood of wild pine for 

 the commerce with England. In the number of saw-mills 

 driven by water there are some which work only for the 

 supply of local requirements, and in small quantities ; but 

 there are thirty steam mills, and fifty water-mills, which 

 work chiefly for the foreign trade. In the whole of these 

 mills they cut up annually at least two millions of trees. 

 The cutting up of trees into planks, for local requirements, 

 is done often in the place itself, or where the exploitation 

 of the forest takes place. The Governments of Kostroma, 

 of Kazan, of Viatka, and the southern part of that of 

 Vologda, furnish planks to the less wooded countries situ- 

 ated on the lower course of the Volga and countries on the 

 Don. The Governments of St. Petersburg, of Olonetz, and 

 a portion of that of Novogorod, export planks by the port 

 of St. Petersburg, and furnish to this city logs to be sawn. 

 From the northern part of the Government of Vologda 

 logs, round or square, are exported by the ports of the 

 White Sea,' 



In the Ustaff Laesnoi, or Forest Code, are laid down 

 regulations for tho administration of Crown forests. In this 

 Code No. 677 refers to saw-mills, private property, supplied 

 with timber from Government forests on payment of rent; 

 and in the appendix it is stated that there were, in 

 1857, such mills situated in the following places in the 

 Government of Olonetz : at Gorsk, Tuloclgsk, Vedlozersk, 

 Kotkezersk, Zadnenikiforsk, in Petrozavodsk, at Syvato- 

 zersk, Svyamozersk, Lindozersk, and Kijsk, in Novaenetz- 

 kom, and at some other places, at some of which a rent of 

 300 roubles for each saw is paid per month ; at the others, 

 250 roubles for each saw is paid. 



In Rule 6 it is stated : Experience has shown that in 



