CONTOUR AND GENERAL APPEARANCE. 145 



There are several lakes in the Government of Onega. 

 Amongst others the Imandra, in the district of Kola, 

 which is 60 miles in length from south to north, and about 

 15 miles in breadth, and it discharges its waters into the 

 White Sea, the Taposero, the Angosero, and the Koutno. 



The principal rivers are the Onega, the Dwina and its 

 affluents, the Petchora, and the Mezen. The Dwina is 

 formed by the junction of the Sukhona and Joug, navi- 

 gable rivers coming, the former from the Scandinavian 

 Alps, and the latter from the Ural Mountains. The con- 

 fluence occurs a little below Veliki -Oustioug, in the Govern- 

 ment of Vologda, They are subsequently joined by the 

 Solvytchegodsk, on which is situated a town of the same 

 name. And the united waters, in crossing the Government 

 of Archangel, pass Kohlmogori and Archangel, and flow by 

 several mouths into the gulf of the White Sea, which bears 

 the name of this town. The total course of this river, one of 

 the largest in Russia, is 420 miles, and its greatest breadth 

 is five miles. Its depth is considerable, but its navigation 

 is impeded by beds of mud which bar its embouchures, and 

 by the number of islands with which, throughout the 

 greater extent of its course, its channel is obstructed. The 

 tides extend to a distance of 30 miles above Archangel. 

 The Dwina was for a long time the only outlet for the 

 productions of European Russia. The country through 

 which it passes is low and level, and is to a great extent 

 laid under water by its inundations in the spring. Of the 

 numerous affluents the principal on the right bank are : 

 the Vytchegda, the Ourtiouga, the two Toi'ma, the Vaengha, 

 Pinghicha, Poukchenga, Pinega, and Lodma ; and on the 

 left the Oustioumej, the Kodima, Vaga, Emtsa, and Lai'a. 



The Vytchegda issues from a marsh in the district of 

 Oust-Sisolsk, in the east part of the Government of 

 Vologda, and after a total course of 450 miles, flows into 

 the Dwina a little below Solvytchegodsk. Its principal 

 affluents are the Yulva and Yarenga on the right bank, 

 and the Sisola on the left. It is at all times navigable. 



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