34 HARRY WARREN ANDERSON 



The first group includes a number of species from diverse orders of fungi. 

 The smuts (Ustilaginales) commonly produce large numbers of cells from the 

 primary sporidia by the budding process. The basidiospores of species of 

 Calocera, Tremella, and many other basidiomycetes, and the ascospores of cer- 

 tain ascomycetes, such as Sphaerulina intermixa, and various species of 

 Taphrina, produce new cells by budding. Hesler ('16) describes the production 

 of 'microconidia' by budding of the hyphae in Physalospora Cydoniae, and 

 Alwood ('98) records the occurrence of a yeast-like form in cultures of this 

 same species, but does not account for its origin. Mucor racemosa when placed 

 in sugar solutions forms budding cells similar to yeasts in a budding con- 

 dition. Dematium pullulans produces an extensive mycelium from the filaments 

 of which there are numerous buds. In some fungi the budding stage is more 

 prominent than in those cited ; for example, the organism described by Gilchrist 

 and Stokes ('95), Ricketts ('01), and others as causing a serious skin disease, 

 and commonly called Blastomyces dermatitidis, has an extensive budding phase 

 in its life cycle. Under certain, little understood conditions it continues budding 

 for a long period. Sooner or later, however, it forms a white, fluffy, aerial 

 growth which sharply distinguishes it from the yeast-like fungi. 



To the 2nd group belong those forms which are predominantly budding. 

 They form a firm, moist growth on solid mediums and rarely produce aerial 

 mycelium. Under certain conditions they form elongated cells which become 

 septate but rarely branch. Monilia Candida and species of Endomyces are 

 examples of this group. 



The last group, which includes the strictly budding species, embraces the 

 greater part of the Saccharomycetaceae, or the spore forming yeasts, and those 

 commonly placed in the genus Torula by writers following Hansen's definition 

 of this genus. This and the second group are subdivided on the basis of whether 

 or not ascospores are known to occur in their life cycles. 



TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION 



The position of the asporogenic yeast-like organisms among Fungi 

 has not been satisfactorily determined. As will be shown, they have 

 been placed in a number of diverse genera under the different schemes 

 of classification. 



The systems of classification of the fungi most generally followed 

 by mycologists and botanists are those presented by Lindau, in Engler 

 and PrantTs "Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien," and by Saccardo in 

 his "Sylloge Fungorum." Since the classification of Fungi imperfecti 

 is practically the same in the 2, this system will be spoken of as 

 Saccardo's classification. In this system there are 4 classes of fungi : 

 Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Fungi imperfecti, the 

 last class being a provisional one for the inclusion of all the fungi not 

 having a perfect or sexual stage, or this .stage not having been dis- 

 covered as yet. The endospore forming yeasts are placed in the 

 Ascomycetes under the family Saccharomycetaceae, while those not 

 forming spores should logically be placed in the Fungi imperfecti. The 

 Fungi imperfecti are divided into 3 orders, Sphaeropsidales (Phoma- 



