58 THE APPLE. 



pear tree, has also been found equally injurious to those of the apple 

 tree." 



The Apple Moth (Carpocapsa pomonana], is the insect which dis- 

 figures so many of our apples and pears, causing them to fall prema- 

 turely from the tree. The moth has a head and thorax of brown 

 mingled with gray, four wings light gray and brown, and a dark 

 brown oval spot on the hinder margin. In the months of June and 

 July, they deposit their eggs in the eye or blossom end of the fruit ; 

 these hatch in a few days, and the worm, a reddish white grub, eats 

 its way to the core, soon after which the apple falls to the ground, 

 when the worm leaves and seeks shelter and protection in the crevi- 

 ces and underneath the rough bark of the tree, where it spins a white 

 web-like cocoon, and remains until the next season. 



Remedies. Keeping the bodies well scraped, and annually washed 

 with lye-water early in Spring, picking up all the fruit as fast as it 

 falls, or letting swine run in the orchard to eat it. Old cloths or 

 tufts of grass, laid in the branches of the trees, attract them, from 

 whence the cocoons may easily be destroyed. 



The Bark Louse, a species of coccus, or scale insect, is of a brown 

 color, about one-tenth of an inch in length, of oblong oval form, at- 

 taching itself to the branches, and injuring the tree by sucking the 

 sap. It is destroyed by strong lye-water, by whale-oil soap, or a 

 mixture of lime, soft soap, and water, of the consistency of common 

 whitewash, and applied to the bark with a hard brush, in Winter or 

 early Spring. 



The Wooly Aphis (Aphis lanigera), makes its appearance in the 

 form of minute white down, in the crotches and crevices of branches. 

 It is easily destroyed by washing the tree with lye-water, lime wash, 

 or whale oil soap. A good wash for all insects is made of, say five 

 gallons of weak lye, one pound powdered sulphur, and four ounces 

 soot, or "lamp black," thoroughly mixed. 



The Blight, or blackening and decay of terminal shoots, we have 

 elsewhere written on, and refer thereto. Boring holes in the trees, 

 and plugging them with sulphur, are about as remedial as whistling 

 to the moon. 



Rust on the surface of the leaf is a disease said to affect some of 

 the older plantations in Southern Ohio. We have never seen it, 

 but suspect that it arises, from an unhealthy state of the tree, caused 

 by a deficiency of some elements in the soil, and therefore a result, 

 not a cause of disease. 



Of Terms used in Description of Varieties. Thomas, in his " Fruit 

 Culturist," has the most perfect explanation of terms in general use 

 in the description of fruits, form of trees, etc., as yet published. We 

 therefore adopt most of them, in order to continue uniformity. These 

 terms, as applied to the growth of a tree, in its shoots, have reference 

 mainly to young trees, and comparatively as follows : Erect as in 



