ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



BOTANICAL TERMS OFTEN RECURRING IN DESCRIPTIONS. 



ach. achenia. 

 cest. aestivation. 

 alter, alternate. 

 amplex. amplexicaul. 

 anth. anther. 

 axill. axillary. 

 cat. calyx. 

 caps, capsule. 

 cor. corolla. 

 cyp. cypsela. 

 decid. deciduous. 

 diam. diameter. 

 ellip. elliptical. 

 ernarg. emarginate. 

 epig. epigynaus. 

 /. or ft. feet. 

 fil. filaments. 

 fi. flower ; fls. flowers. 



fr. fruit. 



gl. glume ; gls. glumes. 



kd. head ; hds. heads. 



hyp. bypogynoua. 



imbr. imbricate. 



inf. inferior. 



invol. involucre. 



irreg. irregular. 



leg. legume. 



(/". leaf; Ivs. leaves. 



Ifts. leaflets. 



lorn, loment. 



opp. opposite. 



ova. ovary. 



pap. pappus. 



ped. peduncle. 



pet. petals. 



perig. perigynous. 



perig. perigynium. 



pis. pales. 



pn. pinnae. 



pnl. pinnulae. 



recep. receptacle 



reg. regular. 



rhiz. rhizoma. 



rt. root. 



sc. scale, scales. 



sds. seeds. 



seg. segment. 



sep. sepals. 



st. stem. 



sta. or stam. eta men* 



stig. stigmas. 



sty. styles. 



var. variety 



TIMES OF FLOWEitING, AND LOCALITIES. 



1. Names of the Months and Seasons are abbreviated in the usual manner, as, Jan. 

 January; Apr. April ; Spr. Spring; Aut. Autumn; Sum. Summer; &c. 



2. The names of States and Territories of the U. S. are abbreviated precisely as in 

 other works, thus : Ala. Alabama ; Ark. Arkansas ; Conn. Connecticut, &c. 



3. Sections of States are thus designated: N. N. Y. Northern New York ; W. Pa. 

 Western Pennsylvania ; E. Fla. East Florida ; S. 111. Southern Illinois, &c. 



4. Names of foreign Countries \-Eur. Europe ; Afr. Africa ; S. Afr. South Africa ; 

 Aust. Australia ; Can. Canada; Mex. Mexico; S. Am. South America, &c. 



5. E. East, Eastward, indicates the States of the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to V nr- 

 giuia inclusive ; N-E. or N. Eng. denotes the New England States. 



6. M. is used to denote the Middle States : viz., N. Y., Penn., N. J., and Del. 



7. N. North, Northward, indicates generally the territory north of 42 N. latitude. 



8. N-W. Northwest, indicates Wis., Minn., and parts of 111. and Mich. 



1). 8. South, Southward, is used to indicate the Southern States in general, all lyinjj 

 south of Virginia and Kentucky 



10. 8-W. Southwest, viz., Miss., La., Ark., and perhaps Tennessee and Texas. 



11. W. West, denotes the States lying due north of Tennessee and Arkansas. 



