170 SUB-GEOUP OP PAVLDUS. 



then make little holes, and as they get older devour 

 the entire leaf except the main ribs. 



The flies appear in May; the larvas are found in 

 June and July ; from these come forth a second brood 

 which devastate the bushes in the autumn. The 

 brownish cocoon is spun in the earth under the 

 bushes. 



For destroying these larvse I believe powdered 

 hellebore is often useful ; but perhaps the best plan 

 is to destroy the young larvae by pressure with the 

 fingers, which are easily found by the little holes which 

 they make in the leaves. 



The parasites of the larvse are : 



Cleptes nitidula, F. ; Omalus armatus, Dbm. ; Lim- 

 neria argentata, Gr. ; Mesoleius melanoleucus, Gr. ; 

 M. armillatorius , Gr. ; MesocJiorus confusus, Hlmgr. ; 

 M. grossularice, Rtz. ; Tryphon ambiguus, Gr. ; T. 

 bipunctatus, Gr. ; T. cephalotes, Gr. ; T. compressus, 

 Rtz. ; Oteniscus frigidus ; Perilissus limitaris, Gr. ; 

 Polysphincta ribesii, Rtz. ; Pygostolus sticticus, Fab. ; 

 and Degeeria flavicans, Gour. In America Hemiteles 

 nemativorus, Walsh, preys on them. 



Universally distributed through Europe ; introduced 

 also to North America, where it is spreading. 



The species is parthenogenetic. -Most of the eggs 

 laid by unfertilised females yield only males ; but 

 females are occasionally bred from virgin females. 



SUB-GEOUP OF PAVIDUS. 



Black, the head with a broad luteous circle round the eyes, abdo- 

 men and legs luteous, the former with a black quadrate spot 

 at the base. Antennae longish, pale beneath. Wings hyaline, 

 the stigma testaceous, clypeus incised. The $ has the head 

 darker round the eyes, and the dorsum of abdomen bears a 

 black band in the centre. 



From the group of Albipennis the present one may 

 be known by the darker, more sordid, testaceous 

 stigma, clearer wings, and by the flat unpunctured 

 scutellum, stouter antennae and legs ; from Myosotidis 



