140 FAMILY CYNIPIDJ). 



Family CYlSttPHLE. 



The name " Cynips," as a generic term, originated 

 with Linnaeus. 



Under it he ranged diversely related species, part 

 only really belonging to the Cynipidde, the others being 

 parasites or gall-flies not connected with the Hymen- 

 optera. 



Scopoli followed Linnaeus and described six species, 

 but one of them was not a true Cynips. The same is 

 to be said of Schrank, who enumerated ten species, 

 but of the same mixed character. 



In 1764 Geoffroy split up the Cynips of Linnaeus into 

 two sections Cynips and Diplolepis, the distinction 

 between them lying in the antennae, <c qui in le cinips 

 sont soudees, ou brisees ou cylindriques, au lieu que 

 dans le diplolepe elles sont longues, filiformes, toutes 

 unies comme celles d'ichneumon et nullement coudees 

 dans leur milieu. " The meaning of this is that the 

 name "Cynips" was applied to a parasitic species 

 (probably a Ghalcid), and the name Diplolepis was 

 given to a true gall-maker (C. rosse, Linn.). Fabricius, 

 in his earlier works, followed Geoffroy in this allocation 

 of the names, but in the System Piezatorum he re- 

 versed them, using " Cynips " for the gall-makers (with 

 rosae, Linn., as type), and Diplolepis for the Chalcids 

 (Cctllimome, &c.). 



The earlier French authors, Latreille, Olivier, &c., 

 folio wed Geoffroy in using Diplolepis for the gall-makers. 

 On the other hand, Cynips has been used to designate 

 the gall-makers by Scopoli, Schrank, Spinola, and 

 every author since the time of Latreille, until the name 

 Diplolepis was restored to its Geoffroyian meaning by 

 Karsch (Zeits. f. ges. Naturw., liii, p. 287). 



That Fabricius acted somewhat arbitrarily in first 

 adopting the names as used by Geoffroy and then using 



