8 SECOND STAGE. 



The female in this stage generally resembles the 

 adult insect (PL V XX, fig. 5, second stage, ? ; and 

 fig. 4 the adult ? ; PI. XXV, fig. 11, second stage, ? , 

 dorsal ; and fig. 10 adult $ , ventral), and although 

 usually much smaller than the adult, in certain genera 

 (Fiorinia, Qymnaspis, etc.) it attains its greatest di- 

 mensions in this stage. 



The second stage of the male usually resembles the 

 immature female; in the Diaspinse by the absence of 

 antennas and legs (PI. XX, fig. 7), and in the 

 Lecaniinse by the retention of these organs. 



THE PUPA. 



The pupal stage occurs only in the male sex, and 

 represents the third stage in the life of the insect. 

 In form it shows the general outline of the future 

 insect (PI. XX, figs. Band <)), has the legs and antennal 

 sheaths free, though as a rule they remain rigid and 

 inert, the insect in this stage being generally unable to 

 move. The only instance in which I have seen a 

 Coccid pupa at all active and able to use its legs was 

 in a single example of Ducti/lo]"'"*, sp. (': *////'), in 

 which case I forcibly removed the insect from its 

 puparium, when it slowly moved about in the ruptured 

 material forming the sac. 



A few days prior to the emergence of the male the 

 pupal skin is cast off and pushed out at t lie anal ex- 

 tremity of the puparium. After this the tips of tin- 

 wings may sometimes be seen at the opening; and 

 where, as mLecanium, P8&udococcti8,&nd other geneva, 

 the males possess long caudal filaments, these organs 

 extend from the puparium as long white thread-like 

 appendages. When such conditions are seen the early 

 appearance of the male may be looked for, and should 

 the observer be fortunate enough to witness the emer- 

 gence, he will find that the insect accompli shes this 

 backwards. The colour of the pupa generally resem- 



