oi ri,iNi;s OK S(>ci(>[.<»(;Y. 71 



government in such ti state must be based upon [tioperty. 

 Thus property, society, and national uovcinincnt are consti- 

 tuted. 



In kinship states the I'unihiniental chissification of tlie 

 people for the purposes of govennnent is by kindred : in the 

 projierty state tlie fundamental classification of people for 

 purposes of government is by territory. Between these 

 staiTcs — the lowest and the highest — many interme<liate 

 forms are found. No hard and fast lines can be drawn. A 

 cli-ar distinction can be made only between the lowest and 

 the hijihest. Survivals of kinship societv exist in all gov- 

 crnments where i»osition, i. e. office, in the government is 

 hereditary, and property society with the government of the 

 highest civiHzation is reached only by republics. The his- 

 tory of the constitution of the state is the history of the 

 evolution of kinship society into property society. 



There is yet another way by which this evolution may be 

 characterized, namely, by the progressing differentiation of 

 the organs of the state, and by the }>rogressing integrations 

 of states. 



The differentiation of organs in the state is represented 



in three ways — 



First, by the multiplication of organs of government — a 

 subject which will be considered under the head of govern- 

 ment : 



Second, by the multiplication of the orders of units and 

 the specialization of the subordinate units so that subordi- 

 nate organizations i)erform special functions. Thus cities 

 may be divided into wards, counties into towns : and 



Third, by the multiplication of corporations for specific 

 purposes. Such organizations appear in the lowest .stages 

 of society only in a crude form, but as society advances 

 they are perfected, and greatly multiplied, until in modern 

 civilized society a state becomes a va.st plexus of cor[)ora- 

 tions. 



In the earlier stages of society each state is small, being 

 composed only of a body of kindred by consanguinity and 

 affinity, actual or artificial. As each .state is small many 

 states are Ibund. In order that unification of states may pro- 



