OITI.INKS OK S()(lor,0(iV. ~\) 



iuvfiitecl, ami inlicrilaiKi' liv dosigiiatioii »»t" th(> ouiier is 

 (Icvtlopcd. TIr'h with the dcveloitnu'iit of inoncv, barter 

 is changod into sale, and legally lixed price by certain curi- 

 ous processes is changed into competitive price. 



In the most }>rimitive society the land is held by tlie 

 state and used only as a hunting ground, or as the source 

 of vegetal food naturally grown thereon . while the streams 

 and coasts are held as lisheries,- but where rude cultivation 

 begins very small areas are re<leemed, and usually cultivated 

 land is held by tribe or dan. Thus, tenure to cultivated 

 land is communal. 



Communal ownershij) is gradually developed into owner- 

 ship 'in severalty by a variety of processes interesting in 

 themselves, but multifarious and complex, so that the sub- 

 ject may not here be treated at large. 



With tlie change in the character of tenure to property 

 from communal to individual ownership), there grows up a 

 large body of law relating to contract. 



[The consideration of the evolution of corporation law is 

 omitted.] 



GOVERNMENT LAW. 



In lower tribes, government law consists of a few simple 

 rules, regulating the mannerof calling the assembly, the order 

 of deliberation, and the method of announcing the decision^ 

 while the chief or committee executes the law in obedience 

 to a few e([ually simple rules. In higher nations, where 

 the legislature, the ruler and the court appear, government 

 law is greatly elaborated. The legi.slature is organized by 

 processes provided by law, and controlled by organic or con- 

 stitutional law, and a body of [Xirliamentary law is devel- 

 oped regidating its method of proceedure. The executive 

 department is governed by organic law, by law emana- 

 ting from the legislature and i)y a large body of rules origi- 

 nating within itself The judicial department is also con- 

 trolled by organic law, by directory laws emanating from 

 the legislature, and by the rules of the court, involving a 

 complex .system of procedure. From such simplicity to 

 such complexity <lo we arrive l»y the proce.s.ses of evolution. 



