2 2 SEA AiYD LAND 



shores in high hititudes is very great. In such regions, in- 

 deed, the coast hne has a very cHfferent aspect from what it 

 has in latitudes where water always remains tluid. In the 

 act of freezing, water expands about one-ninth of its mass. 

 Thus on our northern shores, when the tide recedes for a 

 considerable distance from the cliffs, the water exposed in 



Showinf; the action of tlie sea on massive but somewhat jointed rock, the base of which lies at no great 

 depth beneath the surface of the sea. The effect of dykes is shown in the deep recesses in the middle 

 distance. A large fragment which has fallen from the undermined cliff is seen in the foreground. 



the crevices often congeals to the distance; of some inches 

 from the face of the rock. Expanding in the opening, it 

 produces an effect like the wedges which the quarryman uses 

 in his art. I{\ery cranny is sought out by the fluid ; many 

 fissures which are not evident to the eye are thus forced 

 open, and so the fragments of the stone which the greater 



