28 FOREST SYSTEMS 



recommended ; for its growth will usually result in a direct 

 loss to the owner, owing to the low price that now obtains 

 for coppice produce. 



Coppice with standards can be recommended as affording 

 covert for game. Only the timber of thinly foliaged trees 

 should, however, be grown as standards, viz. : Oak, Ash, 

 Larch, Black Poplars, and Black Walnut, and perhaps the 

 Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera\ and the White Ash 

 (F. Americana), and the Oregon Ash (F. Oregona}^ and the 

 Picardy Poplar. 



The timber produced under coppice with standards will 

 usually be of good girth, but it will not be so high, nor of 

 such good technical quality as that produced under even- 

 aged high forest ; especially is this the case with Oak. 

 Furthermore, it will usually taper to a great degree. As 

 usually practised, too much attention is paid to the welfare 

 of the underwood, considering the low returns which it yields. 



It is with a view of increasing the nett returns, and the 

 height, quantity, and quality of timber produced, and at the 

 same time of preserving the amenities, which are presented 

 by an undergrowth of coppice, that the system of high 

 forest with coppice is recommended in most cases in pre- 

 ference to that of coppice with standards. The same 

 species of trees will be grown for timber as under coppice 

 with standards, but they will be numerically somewhat 

 greater. 



The value of the coppice may be practically nil, except 

 that cut when the standards are only saplings, or when nearly 

 mature, so that, apart from its value as covert, it must be 

 looked upon simply as a natural means of pruning the young 

 standards, and afterwards, as keeping the soil clean, and 

 preventing the growth of rank grass and weeds, and thus 

 ultimately enabling a new crop of standards to be raised at 

 a minimum expenditure. 



The growth of the coppice can always be favoured as 

 seems expedient ; it will suffer most when the standards are 

 from 20 to 40 years old, but provided the stools are not killed, 

 this does not matter. Near the edges of the rides it will 



