248 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 



high ground bordering the valley, and were originally well wooded with 

 trees similar to those growing on the uplands. There are wide stretches 

 of this lake bed, now designated as " prairies ", which were formerly open 

 water, but by their emergence became covered with a thick growth of 

 vegetation, consisting of bushes, flags, rushes and rank grass. The por- 

 tions of these prairies that remain at present uncleared are the favorite 

 haunts of Rails and Snipes. 



Newman's Swamp, extending east from Orrville six miles to the bor- 

 der of the County, is situated in the bed of another pre-glacial lake, and 

 was in many respects the same as the swamp in the valley of the Killbuck, 

 only if anything wilder and more impenetrable. This has now, however, 

 to a great extent been cleared and put under cultivation. Areas of swamp 

 and prairie, of an origin similar to those described, exist in still other 

 localities, notably in the northeast about Fox Lake, and in the extreme 

 southwestern portion of the County. 



In places along the large streams are drift dep03its, forming often 

 extensive terraces skirting the bluffs which border the valleys the city of 

 Wooster itself being located upon ground of this character. Upon these 

 terraces existed forests of deciduous trees, probably similar to those now 

 growing upon the uplands. The uplands themselves are at length seen 

 to be practically plateaux overlooking the lowlands in the valleys. Ero- 

 sion is plainly visible in the numerous ravines and gullies which have 

 been cut out where the brooks flow down to join the main streams. 



These ravines are usually wooded, at least in part, containing in 

 many places the only trees spared by the ruthless axe. Here are found 

 such trees and shrubs as the following : buckeye (sEsculus glabra), wild 

 cherry .(Prunusserotinai), elm (Ulmus Americana), red maple (Acerrubruni), 

 black walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (Juglans cinerea), tulip tree (Liri- 

 odendron Tulipifera), beech (Fagus atropunicea), oaks (Quercus alba, rubra 

 et valu'ina), sassafras (Sassafras Sassafras), dogwood (Cornus florida), iron- 

 wood (Ostrya Virginiana), elder (Sambucus Canadtnsis), black haw (Vibur- 

 num prunifoliuni) , and at least two species of thorn (Crattfgus). In these 

 ravines flourish the trilliums (Trillium erectum et grandiflorum) , while in 

 suitable places along the banks grow the dainty hepatica (Hepatica Bepa- 

 tica) and the fragrant arbutus (Epigsea repens), although the latter is ex- 

 tremely local in its distribution. These shady retreats furnish congenial 

 summer homes for such avian species as the Wood Thrush (Turdus mus- 

 telinus), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana), Scarlet Tanager (Pi- 

 ranga erythromelas), Brown Thrasher (Harporhynchus rufus), and Catbird 

 (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). 



The uplands are interspersed with frequent woodland tracts, the 

 major portion of the country, however, being under cultivation. The 



