148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



BD OAK. BLACK OAK. 



Nova Scotia, southem New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian 

 territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, 

 Texas. 



A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 45 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in 

 diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all soils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by 

 several rows of very large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood 

 somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.6540 ; ash, 0.26; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat 

 for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc. 



Var. Texana, Buckley, 

 Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 123. Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 14. 

 Q. palustriSf Torrey & Gray in Pacific E. R. Kep. li, 175 [not Du Roi]. 

 Q. OOCCinea, var. microcarpa, Torrey, Bot. Mei. Boundary Survey, 206. 

 Q. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 44!>. Young, Bot. Texas, 507. 



RED OAK. 



Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to 

 the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains (Eavard). 



A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter. 



Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained than the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth 

 marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9080; ash, 0.85. 



273. Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim, 



Amer. 44, t. 4. f, 9. Muhlenberg &Willdenow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. l''r. Berliu, iii, 398. Michaux, Hist. ChfinesAm. No. 18, t.31, 

 32; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199. Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 343. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,61. Persoon, Syn. ii, 

 569. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 116, t. 23 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 79, t. 

 25. Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.v, 292. Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. Eaton, Manual, 108; 6ed.292.Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Barton, 

 Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169. Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 171. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157. Elliott, Sk. ii, 602. Spreugel, Syst. iii, 863. 

 Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358 ; Fl.N. York, ii, 189. Beck, Bot. 329. Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1746-1748 & t. Eaton &. 

 Wright, Bot. 384. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165. Emerson, Trees Slassachusetts, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i, 163 

 & t. Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446. Penn. Cycl. six, 216. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 268. Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. Cooper 

 in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 40. 

 Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, 61. Orsted 

 in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72. Gray, "Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453. Liebmanu, Chines Am. 

 Trop. t. B. Koch, Dendrologic, ii'^, 69. Young, Bot. Texas, .504. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis 

 Acad, iii, 385, 394. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80. Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. 



Q. rubra, /3. Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 996. Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357. 



SCARLET OAK. 



Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and 

 northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern 

 Florida. 



A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 54 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 to 1.20 

 meter in diameter; at the east in dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich, deep soil; in the northwestern prairie region 

 with ^. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest development in the 

 basin of the lower Ohio river. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarsegrained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large 

 open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; specific 

 gravity, 0.7405 ; ash, 0.19 ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra. 



