152 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATEE OAK. 



Valley of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amherst, Stone), to central Few York, south to Delaware and 

 the District of Columbia; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, soutlicru Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. 



A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters [Eidtjway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; 

 low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest 

 development west of the Alleghany mountains. 



Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarsc-gruiued, inclined to check badly in drying; layers of annual growth 

 marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, 

 thesap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.6938; asli, 0.81; somewhat used for shingles, clajiboards, construction, 

 and in cooperage. 



280. Quercus aquatica, Walter, 



Fl. Carolinian.-!, 234. Alton, Ilort. Kcw. iii, 357 ; <i ed. v, 290. .\bl)ot, Insects Georjjia, ii, t. 59, 79. Micbaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 

 11, t. 19, 20, 21 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. Muhlenberg & Willdenow in N"eue Scbiiftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. Persoon, Syn. 

 ii, 569. DesfoutaioeB, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. Poiret, Snpiil. ii, 2;i0. Michaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 89, 1. 17 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 1, 65, 

 1. 19. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 52. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168. Nouveau Duhamel, 

 vii, 167. Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357. Andubou, Birds, t. 24. Beck, Bot. 

 328. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292. Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1892, f. 1767. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 304.- Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 161. 

 Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 18.58, 25.">. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. 

 Carolina, 37. Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305. A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi*, 

 67.- Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nog. 1-6, 1866, 72. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 

 21. Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. D. Young, Bot. Texas, 503. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. 



Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. 



Q. nigra trifida, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. 



f Q. Uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18. 



Q. hemisphcerica, willdenow, Spec.iv, 443. Poiret, Suppl. ii, 628. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. Smith in Kees' CycL xxx. 

 No. 56, 628. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. Mlohanx L N. 

 American Sylva, 3 ed. 187. 



Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec. 448. Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. 



Q. aquatica, vara, cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Aiton.Hort. Kew.2ed.v,290. 



Q, hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii,214. 



Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. 



Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 61, in part. 



WATEE OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK. 



Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, 

 through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black 

 river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Letterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee. 



A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and 

 bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development 

 along the large streams in the maritime pine belt of the cistern Gulf states. 



Wood heavy, liard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large 

 open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 

 0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel. 



281. Quercus laurifolia, Michanx, 



Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. Willdenow, Spec, i v, 4:i7. Persoon, Syn. ii, 567. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 14. 

 Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 288. Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 153. Elliott, Sk. ii, 

 597. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294. Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775, 1776. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. 

 Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Caroliua, 1860, iii, 36. Liebmann, Chdues Am. Trop. t. D. Wood, CL 

 Book, 643. Vasey, Cat. Forest 'I'rees, 26. Engeliuaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 395. 



Q. laurifolia hybrida, Michanx, Hist. Ch6ncs Am. No. 10, 1. 18. 



Q. laurifolia, var. ohtma, WilIdenow,Spec.iv,428. Alton, TIort..Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. Wood, CI. Book, 343. 



Q. laurifolia, var. OCWto, Willdenow.Spec. iv, 428. Aiton.Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. 



Q. ohttisa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. 



Q. Phellos, var. laurifolia, Cbapman.Fl.S. States, 420. Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305. Young, Bot. Texas, 502. 



Q. aquatica, var. laurifolia, A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 68. 



